In order to solve the limitations of traditional sampling equipment in practical application, the distributed aerosol iodine sampler AS-1001X + is taken as the research object to design a device with high efficiency sampling, low power consumption, strong environmental adaptability and high portability. Based on gas dynamics, particle trapping theory and modular design idea, the underlying mechanism of aerosol sampling and iodine adsorption was combed, that is, aerosol particles were captured by filter paper through inertial collision, Brownian diffusion and other physical processes, while iodine vapor was retained by iodine box relying on the combination of physical adsorption and chemical adsorption. The modular design concept is used to divide the equipment into independent modules such as sampling, power and control, and the low coupling interface design between modules is used to improve the flexibility of the system, and a low power architecture is constructed with the goal of energy efficiency optimization. The performance data and optimization results show that the running time, sampling efficiency, environmental adaptability and portability of the device are significantly better than those of similar devices.