Since it is difficult to measure the comprehensive camouflage effect of adaptive camouflage targets in multiple backgrounds by using the camouflage evaluation method in a single background, a method for evaluating the optical camouflage effect of adaptive camouflage targets in multiple backgrounds is proposed. Selecting several typical backgrounds, evaluating the optical camouflage effect of the target under each background, classifying the ground objects in the target activity area according to the satellite-borne hyperspectral image, and determining the area proportion of each typical background in the area; The proportion of each background is taken as the proportion of the evaluation results in the comprehensive evaluation under the background, and the evaluation results of each typical background are weighted to obtain the comprehensive evaluation results under the complex background. The experimental results show that the method quantifies the comprehensive camouflage effect under multiple backgrounds, and its evaluation results are more objective and comprehensive than the traditional evaluation, which is more in line with the actual situation of the target's activities in multiple backgrounds.