Aiming at the aging problem of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant in solid rocket engine of naval tactical missile, the aging and protection of HTPB propellant binder system were discussed. The thermal-oxidative aging mechanism and influencing factors of HTPB polyurethane were introduced, and the protection of HTPB propellant binder system was summarized from 2 aspects: physical protection and chemical protection of antioxidant. The research methods of aging and protection were summarized from 3 aspects: aging experiment, instrumental analysis and molecular simulation, and the application prospect of molecular simulation technology in the aging and protection of HTPB propellant was prospected. This study has a certain guiding significance for the future anti-aging of HTPB propellant and the improvement of missile storage and use performance.